Olfactory Inputs Modulate Respiration-Related Activity In The Prefrontal Cortex And Fear Behavior

Voluntary control of respiration, especially via rhythmic nasal breathing, alleviates negative feelings such as fear and is used clinically to manage certain types of panic attacks. However, the neural substrates that link nasal breathing to fear circuits remains unknown. Here we show that during conditioned fear-induced freezing behavior, mice breathe at a steady rate (~4 Hz) which is strongly correlated with a predominant 4 Hz oscillation observed in the olfactory bulb and the prelimbic prefrontal cortex (plPFC), a structure critical for the expression of conditioned fear behaviors. We demonstrate anatomical and functional connectivity between the olfactory pathway and plPFC via circuit tracing and optogenetic approaches. Disrupting olfactory inputs significantly reduces the 4 Hz oscillation in the plPFC suggesting that respiration-related signals from the olfactory system play a role in entraining this fear-related signal. Surprisingly, we find that without olfactory inputs, freezing times are significantly prolonged. Collectively, our results indicate that olfactory inputs modulate rhythmic activity in fear circuits and suggest a neural pathway that may underlie the behavioral benefits of respiration-entrained olfactory signals

From Romantic Gothic to Victorian Medievalism: 1817 and 1877

"The Cambridge History of the Gothic was conceived in 2015, when Linda Bree, then Editorial Director at Cambridge University Press, first suggested the idea to us

The Theatrical Gothic in the Nineteenth Century

Despite its seeming defeat at the hands of the new melodrama and, later, the emerging stage realism, the Gothic continued to stalk the stage long into the nineteenth century. Shape-shifting and refusing to die outright, the Gothic mode would inform melodrama, domestic drama, sensation drama and even the emerging realist dramas to the end of the century. Moreover, whilst according to hegemonic narratives of theatre history, the new modes of realism would claim a victorious precedence over the drama of the shudder, this chapter argues that as the fin de siècle loomed, attempts to repress the Gothic on stage were met with an increasingly Gothic representation of the theatre itself within the wider popular and literary imagination

The Gothic in Nineteenth-Century Italy

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The Genesis of the Victorian Ghost Story

The Victorian culture of mourning and fascination with death is only partly responsible for the rise of the ghost story as a distinct genre in the period. More fundamentally, it can be contextualized in relation to an array of interleaving discourses of the unseen: the perceived invisibility of money and the financial markets; the advent of new, invisible technologies (telegraphy, telephony) that constituted a form of modern supernatural; spiritualism and the pseudo-scientific investigation of the paranormal. Many ghost story writers explored, even embraced, the spectral effects of modernity and the ghost story flourished in an historical moment when scientific and technological progress was shadowed by the occult. For women writers, the ghost story is a tale of increasing visibility and opportunity: in a climate of social and political reform, women occupied a prominent role in the genre, exploiting the growing appetite for popular and marketable writing, particularly in shorter forms, afforded by a burgeoning periodical culture. The chapter will conclude by considering the impact of this changing publication context on the development of the ghost story, including the institution of the Christmas ghost tale, networks of writers and ghost story cycles. The main writers to be discussed will be Charles Dickens, Amelia Edwards, Sheridan Le Fanu, Elizabeth Gaskell, Henry James, M. R. James, Vernon Lee, Edith Nesbit, Margaret Oliphant and Charlotte Riddell